Enhancing deep learning methods for brain metastasis detection through cross-technique annotations on SPACE MRI

BACKGROUND: Gadolinium-enhanced "sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution" (SPACE) sequence allows better visualization of brain metastases (BMs) compared to "magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo" (MPRAGE). We hypothesize that this better conspicuity leads to high-quality annotation (HAQ), enhancing deep learning (DL) algorithm detection of BMs on MPRAGE images. METHODS: Retrospective contrast-enhanced (gadobutrol 0.1 mmol/kg) SPACE and MPRAGE data of 157 patients with BM were used, either annotated on MPRAGE resulting in normal annotation quality (NAQ) or on coregistered SPACE resulting in HAQ. Multiple DL methods were developed with NAQ or HAQ using either SPACE or MRPAGE images and evaluated on their detection performance using positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and F1 score and on their delineation performance using volumetric Dice similarity coefficient, PPV, and sensitivity on one internal and four additional test datasets (660 patients). RESULTS: The SPACE-HAQ model reached 0.978 PPV, 0.882 sensitivity, and 0.916 F1-score. The MPRAGE-HAQ reached 0.867, 0.839, and 0.840, the MPRAGE NAQ 0.964, 0.667, and 0.798, respectively (p

• Wald, T.
• Hamm, B.
• Holzschuh, J. C.
• El Shafie, R.
• Kudak, A.
• Kovacs, B.
• Pflüger, I.
• von Nettelbladt, B.
• Ulrich, C.
• Baumgartner, M. A.
• Vollmuth, P.
• Debus, J.
• Maier-Hein, K. H.
• Welzel, T.