Bacteria often form biofilms on biomaterials, and these biomaterial-associated infections then become highly resistant to antibiotics and the host immune system. Biofilm-driven implant failures underscore the urgent need for surface modifications that can concurrently prevent microbial colonization, modulate immune responses, and stimulate bone formation. Considering the competitive and osteo-immunomodulatory properties of commensal microflora, we developed Commensal Hybrid Materials (CHMs) by heat-anchoring multilayer assemblies of beneficial microbes onto titanium surfaces. A firmly adherent, carbon- and phosphorus-rich coating with micro-roughness and near-hydrophobic wettability (
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